阿倫的孤獨星球

上周五的时候MIT CSAIL教授Victor Zue来研究院给实习生介绍CSAIL，在他的slides中间有这么一幅图片，上面是大概十来个人的名字，分别如下：
Ivan Sutherland,
Bob Frankston & Dan Brickin,
Len Kleinrock,
Bob Metcalfe,
Danny Lewin,
Mark Andreessen,
Larry Page & Sergey Brin,
Brian Josephson,
Bill Martin & Joel Moses,
Shawn Fanning,
James Watson & Francis Crick,
Bill Joy,
and David Huffman
Victor问大家：What do these people have in common?
我扫了一眼，马上指出Page & Brin是Google的创始人。过了一会有个清华的同学指出Sutherland是搞Graphics的。然后有人想起我们数据结构课学过一个叫Huffman Coding的编码方式 ，貌似跟这个姓Huffman的人有些关系。再有人发现Watson & Crick这两个名字中放在一起貌似跟一个叫做DNA的东西是双螺旋结构的发现有些关系。
我想在这篇文章要做的事情就是帮大家google一下，找出上面部分人所做的事情(主要参考wikipedia)，最后揭晓那个问题的答案。
Ivan Sutherland
Sutherland earned his Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), his Master’s degree from Caltech, and his Ph.D. from MIT in EECS in 1963.
He received the Turing Award in 1988 for the invention of Sketchpad, an early predecessor to the sort of graphical user interface that has become ubiquitous in personal computers.
Sketchpad是世界上第一个交互式电脑程序，是之后所有用户图形界面软件(GUI)的蓝本。这个软件是Sutherland在1963年那个还是穿孔打卡计算机的年代，在他的博士论文中完成的。
Bob Frankston & Dan Briclkin
Bob Frankston graduated graduated MIT with undergraduate degrees in 1970.
Dan Bricklin received his B.S. in electrical engineering/computer science from the MIT.
Frankston and Briclkin co-created VisiCal. VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. It is often considered the application that turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a serious business tool.
VisiAds是世界上第一个电子表格软件，也就是现在Excel等类似软件的前身。
Len Kleinrock
Kleinrock received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York, and a master’s degree and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in electrical engineering & computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively.
He made several important contributions to the field of computer networking, in particular to the theoretical side of computer networking. His most well-known and significant work is his early work on queueing theory, which has applications in many fields, among them as a key mathematical background to packet switching, the basic technology behind the Internet.
His initial contribution to this field was his doctoral thesis in 1962.
Bob Metcalfe
Metcalfe graduated from MIT in 1969 with two B.S. degrees, one in Electrical Engineering and the other in Industrial Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He then went to Harvard for graduate school, earning his M.S. in 1970.
He co-invented Ethernet, founded 3Com and formulated Metcalfe’s Law.
3Com公司如果大家不熟悉就算了， Ethernet总该知道吧，他在他读博士期间开始APPANET的工作为他毕业之后的发明打下了基础。
Danny Lewin
In 1995, he traveled to Cambridge, Massachusetts to begin graduate studies toward a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996. While there, he and his advisor, Professor F. Thomson Leighton, came up with innovative algorithms for optimizing Internet traffic. These algorithms became the basis for Akamai, which the two founded in 1998.
关于Akamai，给一条链接自己读吧http://www.akamai.com/html/about/index.html
Mark Andreessen
Andreessen received his Bachelor’s degree in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
He co-author of Mosaic, the first widely-used web browser, and founder of Netscape Communications Corporation. Mosaic is famed as the first killer application that popularized the Internet.
总的来说，Mosaic是现在所有我们使用的浏览器(Web Browser)的前身，是他在本科实习期间完成的。
Larry Page & Sergey Brin
Page holds a Bachelor of Science degree in computer engineering from the http://www.umich.edu/ with honors and a Masters degree in Computer Science from Stanford University.
Brin Earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Maryland, he followed in his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps by studying mathematics, double-majoring in computer science. After graduation, he moved to Stanford to acquire a Ph.D in computer science.
这两人的介绍比较简单，他们在读Ph.D的时候创立了一个叫Google的公司，现在还处于休学中(参考公司主页上对他们的介绍)。
Brian Josephson
Brian Josephson attended Cardiff High School and then Cambridge University, where he gained a BA in 1960. Whilst an undergraduate, he became notorious as a brilliant and self-assured student.
As an undergraduate he published a paper in which he calculated a thermal correction to the Mossbauer effect that reconciled previously different measurements of gravitational red shifts reported by teams in the US and UK. After completing his undergraduate degree he continued to study at Cambridge, and in 1964 was awarded his PhD in physics.
这个人34岁的时候拿到了诺贝尔物理学奖。
James Watson & Francis Crick
Watson studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and subsequently worked at the University of Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory in England where he first met his future collaborator and personal friend Francis Crick.
他们两个发现了DNA的双螺旋结构。
今晚太累了，先写这么几个人，下次再接着写吧……